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SHORT QUE-ANS ON MMDR-MCDR-MINING LEASE
1. Explain in
brief about mining lease.
ANSWER: A mining lease is a legal agreement
between the owner of a mining site (known as the lessor) and a company or
individual who wishes to extract minerals or other valuable resources from that
site (known as the lessee). The lease provides the lessee with exclusive rights
to mine or extract minerals from the site for a specified period of time,
usually several years. A mining lease typically covers a specific area of land,
and specifies the terms and conditions under which mining activities can be
conducted. This may include the type of minerals that can be extracted, the
maximum volume of materials that can be extracted per year, the methods that
can be used for mining and processing, and the environmental and safety
regulations that must be followed. To obtain a mining lease, a company or
individual must typically submit an application to the relevant government
authorities, which will review the application and assess the feasibility of
the proposed mining project. If the application is approved, the lessee will be
required to pay a fee and comply with the terms and conditions of the lease.
Mining leases are an important tool for promoting responsible mining practices
and ensuring that mineral resources are extracted in a sustainable and
environmentally sound manner. They provide a framework for regulating mining
activities and protecting the rights of both the lessor and lessee.
Or
Describe in
brief about reconnaissance.
ANSWER: Reconnaissance refers to the preliminary
exploration of a potential mineral deposit or mining site. It involves the
collection of geological and geophysical data from the surface or near-surface
of the earth to identify the location and extent of mineralization.
Reconnaissance surveys typically involve the use of remote sensing technologies
such as aerial photography, satellite imagery, and airborne geophysical
surveys. These techniques can provide valuable information about the geological
structure, topography, and mineral potential of a site, and can help to
identify areas that warrant further exploration. Reconnaissance surveys are an
important first step in the exploration process, as they can help to identify
new mineral deposits and provide valuable information for the development of
mining projects. They are also an important tool for assessing the
environmental and social impacts of mining activities, and for identifying
potential risks and challenges that may need to be addressed in the planning
and design of mining projects. In many countries, reconnaissance surveys are
regulated by government agencies and require permits or approvals before they
can be conducted. This is to ensure that exploration activities are conducted
in a safe and responsible manner, and that the rights of local communities and
indigenous peoples are respected.
Unit II
2. Explain scope
of mineral development.
ANSWER: The scope of mineral development refers to
the range of activities involved in the exploration, extraction, processing,
and utilization of mineral resources. This includes a wide range of activities,
from the discovery and assessment of mineral deposits, to the planning and
design of mining projects, to the development of new technologies and processes
for extracting and processing minerals. The scope of mineral development is
shaped by a variety of factors, including the availability of mineral resources,
the demand for those resources, and the economic, social, and environmental
factors that influence the development of mining projects. Some of the key
components of the scope of mineral development include:
1.
Exploration: This involves the identification and assessment of
mineral deposits, using a range of techniques such as geological mapping,
drilling, and sampling.
2.
Mining: This involves the extraction of minerals from the earth,
using various methods such as open-pit mining, underground mining, and placer
mining.
3.
Processing: This involves the conversion of extracted minerals
into a form that can be used by industry and consumers. This may include
processes such as crushing, grinding, washing, and smelting.
4.
Utilization: This involves the use of mineral resources in
various industries and applications, such as construction, manufacturing, and
energy production.
5.
Reclamation and rehabilitation: This involves the restoration of
mined-out areas to their original or a suitable alternative use, and the
mitigation of environmental impacts associated with mining activities.
The scope of mineral development is
constantly evolving, as new technologies and processes are developed, and as
society's needs and expectations change. As such, it is important for mining
companies and governments to work together to ensure that mineral development
is conducted in a responsible and sustainable manner, taking into account the
economic, social, and environmental impacts of mining activities.
Or
What is royalty?
Explain in brief.
ANSWER: Royalty is a payment made by mining
companies to the owner of mineral rights or the government for the right to
extract and sell minerals from a specific area. It is a form of rent or
compensation paid for the use of a non-renewable resource. Royalties are
typically calculated as a percentage of the value of the minerals extracted,
and can be structured in a variety of ways. For example, a royalty agreement
might stipulate that the mining company pay a fixed amount per ton of ore
extracted, or a percentage of the net revenue generated from the sale of the
extracted minerals. The purpose of royalty payments is to compensate the owner
of mineral rights for the depletion of a non-renewable resource, and to provide
a source of revenue for governments that can be used for infrastructure
development, environmental protection, and other public services. In many
countries, the collection of royalties is regulated by law, and mining
companies are required to pay a specific amount based on the volume and value
of minerals extracted. The royalty rates can vary depending on the type of
mineral, the location of the mine, and the prevailing market conditions.
Overall, royalties are an important
component of mineral development, as they help to ensure that the economic
benefits of mining are shared fairly between mining companies, governments, and
local communities, and that the environmental and social costs of mining are
properly accounted for.
Unit III
3. What is
Chhattisgarh miner mineral rules 2015?
ANSWER: The Chhattisgarh Minor Mineral Rules 2015
is a set of regulations formulated by the state government of Chhattisgarh in
India for the management and regulation of minor minerals. The rules were
notified on 20th October 2015 and came into effect on 12th November 2015.
The rules define "minor
minerals" as minerals other than major minerals, which include minerals
such as limestone, dolomite, bauxite, and clay, among others. The rules provide
for the regulation of the grant of mining leases and quarry permits for the
extraction of minor minerals, as well as the collection of royalty and other
fees.
The Chhattisgarh Minor Mineral Rules 2015
also establish a framework for the sustainable and scientific mining of minor
minerals, with provisions for the protection of the environment and the
interests of local communities. The rules mandate the preparation of mining
plans, environmental management plans, and mine closure plans, and require the
submission of periodic reports on mining activities to the government.
In addition, the rules provide for the
establishment of a state mineral fund, which will be used for the promotion of
sustainable mining practices and the development of infrastructure in mining
areas. The fund will be financed through the collection of royalties, fees, and
fines.
Overall, the Chhattisgarh Minor Mineral
Rules 2015 represent an important step towards the sustainable and equitable
management of minor minerals in the state of Chhattisgarh, and provide a
comprehensive framework for the regulation of mining activities in the state.
Or
Explain mineral
concession rule 1988.
ANSWER: The Mineral Concession Rules, 1988 are a
set of regulations framed by the Indian government to govern the process of
granting mining leases and prospecting licenses for minerals. The rules were
formulated under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957,
and they provide for the systematic and scientific exploration and exploitation
of minerals in the country. The main objectives of the Mineral Concession
Rules, 1988, are to ensure the efficient and transparent allocation of mineral
resources, promote sustainable mining practices, and protect the interests of
the state and the local communities. Under the rules, a person or company
interested in mining a particular mineral must apply for a mining lease or a
prospecting license. The application must be submitted to the state government
or the Ministry of Mines, depending on the location of the mineral deposit. The
application must contain details such as the nature of the mineral, the area of
land required, and the proposed mining plan. Once the application is received,
the state government or Ministry of Mines will scrutinize it and conduct site
inspections, environmental impact assessments, and other studies to assess the
feasibility of the project. If the project is found to be viable and
environmentally sustainable, the applicant will be granted a mining lease or
prospecting license, subject to the payment of a royalty and other fees. The
Mineral Concession Rules, 1988, also contain provisions for the renewal,
transfer, and cancellation of mining leases and prospecting licenses, as well
as penalties for non-compliance with the rules.
Overall, the Mineral Concession Rules,
1988, provide a comprehensive framework for the sustainable and equitable
management of mineral resources in India, and they play a crucial role in
promoting the development of the mining sector in the country.
Unit IV
4. What is
mining plan?
ANSWER: A mining plan is a detailed proposal or a
document prepared by a mining company or an individual seeking permission to
conduct mining operations in a specific area. The mining plan outlines the
proposed method of extraction, the equipment and machinery to be used, the
quantity and quality of the mineral reserves, and the steps to be taken to
mitigate any environmental or social impacts. In India, the mining plan is a
mandatory requirement under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation)
Act, 1957, and it is to be prepared by the mining leaseholder or the applicant
seeking a mining lease. The plan must be submitted to the state government or
the Indian Bureau of Mines, depending on the mineral being mined.
The mining plan typically includes
information on the following:
1.
Description of the area: A detailed description of the area
where mining operations are proposed, including topography, geology, hydrology,
and the existing land use.
2.
Mining method and machinery: The proposed method of mining and
the type of machinery and equipment to be used for excavation, hauling, and
processing.
3.
Mineral resource estimation: A detailed estimation of the
quality and quantity of the mineral reserves in the area proposed for mining.
4.
Environmental and social impact assessment: The mining plan must
include an assessment of the environmental and social impacts of the mining
operations, and a plan to mitigate those impacts.
5.
Safety and health: The mining plan must contain details of the
safety measures and health facilities provided to the workers engaged in mining
operations.
6.
Financial provisions: The mining plan must include a financial
provision for the closure of the mine, including the costs of decommissioning
and rehabilitation of the area after the mining operations are complete.
Overall, the mining plan is an essential
document for ensuring the sustainable and responsible management of mineral
resources, and it plays a crucial role in obtaining the necessary regulatory
approvals for mining operations.
Or
Throw light on
major and minor minerals.
ANSWER: In India, minerals are classified into two
broad categories: major minerals and minor minerals. The distinction is made
based on the importance of the mineral in the economy and the scale of
operations involved in their mining. Major minerals, also known as Scheduled
Minerals, include minerals such as coal, iron ore, bauxite, copper, gold, and
diamond, which are of national importance and have significant economic value.
The ownership and control of these minerals rest with the central government, and
the states are responsible for the management and regulation of mining
operations. The mining of major minerals requires a mining lease, which is
granted by the state government through a competitive bidding process. The
leaseholder is required to comply with the provisions of the Mines and Minerals
(Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, and other relevant laws and
regulations. On the other hand, Minor minerals, also known as non-scheduled
minerals, include minerals such as sand, gravel, building stones, clay, and
limestone, which are of relatively lesser economic value and are required
primarily for local construction activities. The ownership and control of minor
minerals rest with the state government, and the mining operations are
regulated by the respective state governments. The mining of minor minerals
requires a permit, which is granted by the district authorities after verifying
the eligibility of the applicant and ensuring compliance with the relevant laws
and regulations. The permit holders are required to follow the guidelines and
rules prescribed by the state government and ensure the sustainable and
responsible mining of the mineral. In summary, while both major and minor
minerals play a crucial role in the economy, the regulatory framework for their
mining and management is different, with major minerals being subject to
central government control and regulation and minor minerals being regulated by
the state governments.
Unit V
5. Comment on
economic axis and feasibility axis of UNFC
classification.
ANSWER: The United Nations Framework Classification
(UNFC) for Fossil Energy and Mineral Reserves and Resources is a universally
recognized classification system for reporting and categorizing reserves and
resources of minerals and fossil energy. The UNFC has two axes, the Economic
axis, and the Feasibility axis, which are used to assess and categorize the
mineral resources based on their economic and technical feasibility for
extraction and utilization. The Economic axis of the UNFC classifies resources
based on their economic viability and market demand. The resources are
categorized based on their profitability, with Category 1 representing the most
economically viable resources, and Category 4 representing the least
economically viable ones. The resources are evaluated based on factors such as
production costs, commodity prices, market demand, and the availability of
infrastructure and transportation facilities. The Feasibility axis of the UNFC
evaluates the technical feasibility of extracting and utilizing the resources.
The resources are classified based on the level of technical feasibility, with
Category A representing the most technically feasible resources, and Category D
representing the least technically feasible ones. The resources are evaluated
based on factors such as geological complexity, mining and processing
technologies, and environmental and social impact assessments.
The classification of resources based on
both the Economic and Feasibility axes provides a comprehensive assessment of
the resources' potential for development, from both economic and technical
perspectives. The classification helps in assessing the resources' viability
and can guide investment decisions, policy formulations, and regulatory
frameworks for the development of the mineral sector. It also helps in
promoting sustainable development by ensuring that the resources are extracted
and utilized in an economically viable and environmentally responsible manner.
[4]
Or
Explain ore
reserves.
ANSWER: Ore reserves refer to the amount of
economically extractable minerals that can be recovered from a deposit using
current mining technology and under current economic conditions. These reserves
are the mineral resources that have been identified and assessed with
reasonable certainty and are technically and economically feasible for
extraction. To determine the amount of ore reserves in a deposit, a
comprehensive geological survey is conducted, which includes drilling and
sampling of the deposit. The samples are then analyzed to determine the grade
of the minerals and their quantity. Based on this data, the size of the deposit
and the amount of economically extractable minerals are estimated. Ore reserves
are usually classified into three categories: Proven, Probable, and Possible
reserves. Proven reserves are those for which there is a high degree of
confidence that the mineral deposit can be economically extracted, based on
extensive geological and engineering data. Probable reserves are those that are
less certain but still have a reasonable expectation of being economically
extractable. Possible reserves are those for which there is a lower degree of
certainty that the mineral deposit can be economically extracted.
Ore reserves are important for the mining
industry as they provide an estimate of the amount of minerals that can be
economically extracted, which in turn helps in making investment decisions and
planning for the development of the mining project. They are also used for
reporting to regulatory bodies, investors, and stakeholders, and are a key factor
in determining the value of a mining company.
SECTION ‘C’
(Long Answer Type Questions) 10x5=50
Unit I
1. Explain MMDR-
mines and minerals (Development and
Regulation) act
1957 and amendments therein.
ANSWER: The Mines and Minerals (Development and
Regulation) Act, 1957 (MMDR) is an important piece of legislation that
regulates the mining sector in India. The Act was enacted to provide for the
development and regulation of mines and minerals in the country, and to ensure
the systematic and scientific exploitation of mineral resources. The MMDR Act
has been amended several times to keep pace with changing economic and social
conditions, and to address emerging issues in the mining sector.
Some of the key amendments to the MMDR Act
are:
1.
Amendment Act 38 of 1999: This amendment allowed for the grant
of reconnaissance permits, prospecting licenses, and mining leases for minerals
such as diamond, gold, silver, and precious stones through competitive bidding.
2.
Amendment Act 53 of 2000: This amendment made changes to the
provisions for the grant of mineral concessions and introduced provisions for
the regulation of mining operations.
3.
Amendment Act 17 of 2006: This amendment introduced provisions
for the establishment of the National Mineral Fund, which is used for the
development of mining-affected areas and the welfare of people living in such
areas.
4.
Amendment Act 38 of 2015: This amendment introduced provisions
for the auction of mineral concessions through a transparent and competitive
bidding process, and also provided for the creation of District Mineral
Foundations for the benefit of mining-affected communities.
The MMDR Act and its amendments have
played a crucial role in regulating the mining sector in India and ensuring the
sustainable development of mineral resources. The Act has helped to promote
transparency and accountability in the grant of mineral concessions, and has
also contributed to the welfare of mining-affected communities. However, there
have been concerns regarding the implementation of the Act, and the need for
further reforms to address issues such as illegal mining and environmental
degradation.
Or
During
undertaking prospecting and mining operations,
what are
Restrictions?
ANSWER: During prospecting and mining operations,
there are several restrictions that are in place to protect the environment and
ensure sustainable development. Some of the common restrictions include:
1.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA): Before undertaking any
mining activity, an EIA must be conducted to assess the potential environmental
impacts of the project. The EIA report must be submitted to the regulatory
authorities for approval.
2.
Forest Conservation Act: If the mining activity involves the use
of forest land, clearance from the Forest Department is required under the
Forest Conservation Act.
3.
Water Act: If the mining activity involves the use of water
resources, permission is required under the Water Act.
4.
Air Act: If the mining activity involves the release of air
pollutants, permission is required under the Air Act.
5.
Wildlife Protection Act: If the mining activity is likely to
affect wildlife, clearance is required under the Wildlife Protection Act.
6.
Land Acquisition Act: If the mining activity involves the
acquisition of land, the Land Acquisition Act must be followed.
7.
Mining Plan: A mining plan must be prepared and approved by the
regulatory authorities before mining operations can commence.
8.
Royalty and taxes: The mining company must pay royalty and taxes
on the minerals extracted.
These restrictions are put in place to
ensure that mining activities are carried out in a responsible and sustainable
manner, with due consideration given to the environment and the local
communities.
Unit II
2. What do you
understand by minor minerals? Comment
on minor
minerals as per the list of Government of
Chhattisgarh.
ANSWER: Minor minerals are those minerals that are
not major minerals and are not covered under the Mines and Minerals
(Development and Regulation) Act, 1957. These minerals are typically used for
building and construction purposes and include minerals such as limestone,
bauxite, clay, granite, and sand among others.
In the state of Chhattisgarh, the
Government has listed the following minerals as minor minerals:
- Limestone
- Dolomite
- Quartzite
- Quartz
- Building stones
- Gravel
- Ordinary sand
- River sand
- Shale
- Laterite
- Clay (excluding china clay and ball clay)
- Marble and serpentine
- Ordinary earth
- Boulders
- Murum
The Chhattisgarh Minor Mineral
Rules, 2015 govern the extraction and use of these minerals, and provide
guidelines for obtaining permits, royalty rates, environmental clearance, and
rehabilitation and reclamation of mined-out areas. The rules aim to ensure
sustainable development and protection of the environment while promoting the
development of the mining sector.
Or
Explain in
detail on procedure of obtaining prospecting
license or
mining lease..
ANSWER: The procedure for obtaining a prospecting
license or mining lease may vary depending on the state or country where the
mining activity is to be carried out. However, in general, the following steps
are involved in the process:
1.
Identification of the area: The first step is to identify the
area where the mineral deposits are located. The mineral deposits may be
identified through geological surveys or other exploration activities.
2.
Application for license: The next step is to apply for the
license. The application must be made to the concerned government department,
which is usually the Department of Mines or the State Directorate of Geology
and Mining.
3.
Submission of documents: The application must be accompanied by
various documents, including the geological report, maps, and details of the
proposed mining activities. The documents may vary depending on the state or
country where the mining activity is to be carried out.
4.
Verification of documents: The concerned department will verify
the documents submitted by the applicant. If the documents are found to be in
order, a preliminary approval may be granted.
5.
Public notice: A public notice is issued by the concerned
department to invite objections and suggestions from the public on the proposed
mining activity.
6.
Grant of license: After considering the objections and
suggestions received during the public notice period, the concerned department
may grant the prospecting license or mining lease.
7.
Payment of fees: The applicant is required to pay the requisite
fees for the prospecting license or mining lease.
8.
Execution of lease agreement: The applicant must sign the lease
agreement with the concerned department before commencing the mining
activities.
9.
Compliance with regulations: The licensee must comply with
various regulations related to mining activities, including environmental
regulations, safety regulations, and labor regulations.
10. Renewal of
license: The prospecting license or mining lease must be renewed periodically
as per the regulations.
It is important to note that the procedure
for obtaining a prospecting license or mining lease may be complex and
time-consuming, and may involve various legal and regulatory requirements.
Therefore, it is advisable to seek the services of an expert in mining law and
regulations to ensure compliance with all legal requirements and to obtain the
license or lease in a timely manner.
Unit III
3. Throw light
in detail on role of geologist in prospecting
and mining
operations.
ANSWER: Geologists play a crucial role in the
prospecting and mining of minerals. They are involved in the entire mining
cycle, from exploration and discovery of mineral deposits to the final stages
of mine closure and rehabilitation. Here are some of the key roles that
geologists play in prospecting and mining operations:
1.
Exploration and Prospecting: Geologists are responsible for
identifying and evaluating potential mineral deposits. They study the geology
of an area and use a variety of techniques to identify mineral deposits, such
as drilling, sampling, and geophysical surveys. Once a mineral deposit has been
discovered, geologists assess its size, quality, and economic viability.
2.
Resource Evaluation: Geologists evaluate the size and quality of
mineral deposits by estimating their mineral resources and reserves. They use
data from drilling, sampling, and other sources to create 3D models of mineral
deposits and estimate the quantity and quality of minerals present.
3.
Mine Planning: Geologists play an important role in mine
planning by providing information on the geology of the area, the location and
quality of mineral deposits, and the best methods for extracting minerals. They
work with mining engineers and other specialists to develop mine plans that
maximize the recovery of minerals while minimizing costs and environmental
impact.
4.
Environmental Management: Geologists are involved in the
environmental management of mining operations. They study the potential impact
of mining on the environment, including water resources, soil, and air quality.
They also develop plans to mitigate these impacts, such as by designing waste disposal
systems and monitoring groundwater.
5.
Mine Closure and Rehabilitation: Geologists play an important
role in the final stages of mining operations, including mine closure and
rehabilitation. They are responsible for ensuring that the mine site is
restored to its original condition or to a condition that is safe and suitable
for future use. This may involve filling in pits, stabilizing slopes, and
planting vegetation.
In summary, geologists are key players in
the entire mining cycle, from exploration and discovery to mine closure and
rehabilitation. They use their expertise in geology to identify and evaluate
mineral deposits, estimate their size and quality, plan mining operations, and
ensure that mining activities are carried out in a way that minimizes
environmental impact and maximizes the recovery of minerals.
Or
Describe salient
features of mineral concession rule
1960 and
amendments there in.
ANSWER: The Mineral Concession Rules (MCR), 1960
is a set of regulations that govern the process of granting mining leases for
major minerals in India. Here are some of its salient features and amendments:
1.
Objective: The primary objective of the MCR, 1960 is to regulate
the grant of mining leases, prospecting licenses, and other mineral concessions
in India.
2.
Eligibility criteria: Any person or organization can apply for a
mining lease or prospecting license if they have the necessary technical and
financial capabilities.
3.
Duration of mining lease: The duration of a mining lease for
major minerals is 50 years, with the possibility of two renewals of 20 years
each.
4.
Area of mining lease: The maximum area of a mining lease for
major minerals is 10 sq. km. However, in certain cases, this limit may be
extended.
5.
Renewal and transfer of mining lease: A mining lease can be
renewed if the lessee applies for it at least one year before the expiry of the
lease. The transfer of a mining lease is allowed with prior approval of the
government.
6.
Royalty payment: The lessee must pay royalty to the government
for the minerals extracted from the leased area.
7.
Amendments: The MCR, 1960 has been amended several times to
address various issues and concerns. One of the significant amendments was made
in 2015, which allowed the auction of mining leases through a transparent
bidding process.
In summary, the Mineral Concession Rules,
1960 provides a framework for the grant of mining leases and other mineral
concessions for major minerals in India. The rules have undergone several
amendments to make the process more transparent and efficient.
Unit IV
4. Explain in
detail about mine plaining for major and
minor minerals.
ANSWER: Mine planning is a crucial process that
helps in maximizing the productivity and efficiency of mining operations while
minimizing the environmental impact. It involves various steps and stages,
which may vary depending on the type of mineral being mined, the location, and
other factors. Here are the general steps involved in mine planning for major
and minor minerals:
1.
Exploration: The first step in mine planning is to conduct a
detailed exploration of the mineral deposit to determine its extent, quality,
and other characteristics. This involves the use of various techniques, such as
drilling, sampling, and geological mapping.
2.
Resource estimation: Once the exploration is complete, the next
step is to estimate the mineral resources available in the deposit. This
involves analyzing the data collected during the exploration stage and using
various mathematical models and software to estimate the quantity and quality
of the mineral resources.
3.
Mine design: Based on the estimated resources, the next step is
to design the mine layout and infrastructure. This involves determining the
location of the mine site, access roads, processing plant, waste disposal
facilities, and other essential infrastructure.
4.
Production planning: Once the mine design is complete, the next
step is to plan the production schedule. This involves determining the rate of
mineral extraction, the equipment required, and the personnel needed to carry
out the mining operations.
5.
Environmental planning: Environmental planning is an essential
aspect of mine planning, and it involves identifying potential environmental
impacts and developing mitigation measures to reduce these impacts. This may
involve measures such as reforestation, waste management, and water management.
6.
Rehabilitation planning: Mine rehabilitation involves restoring
the mined-out areas to their natural state after the mining operations are
complete. This involves developing a rehabilitation plan that outlines the
steps required to restore the land, including the removal of equipment,
recontouring of the land, and replanting vegetation.
In the case of minor minerals, the process
of mine planning is generally less complicated than that for major minerals.
This is because minor minerals are typically found in smaller deposits and are
often extracted using simpler techniques. However, the basic steps involved in
mine planning for minor minerals are the same as those for major minerals, and
the planning process must still take into account the environmental and social
impacts of mining operations.
Overall, the role of the geologist in mine
planning is crucial. Geologists are responsible for identifying and
characterizing mineral deposits, estimating resources, and providing input on
the design and planning of mining operations. They also play a critical role in
monitoring the progress of mining operations, identifying potential risks and
hazards, and providing recommendations for mitigation measures.
Or
Comment on study
of measures indicated in MCDR
about protection
of environment..
ANSWER: The Mines and Mineral (Development and
Regulation) Act (MMDR) has provisions for environmental protection, including
the Mineral Conservation and Development Rules (MCDR) 2017. The MCDR mandates
measures to be taken by mining lease holders for the protection of the
environment. The measures include:
1.
The mining plan should be in line with the environmental
management plan and include provisions for environmental protection measures.
2.
The mining lease holder should take measures to prevent the
pollution of air, water, and land in and around the mine.
3.
The mining lease holder should maintain a record of the
environmental monitoring conducted in and around the mine.
4.
The mining lease holder should carry out progressive mine
closure planning to ensure the restoration of the mined area and its
surroundings to a condition as close as possible to its original state.
5.
The mining lease holder should submit a closure plan for the
mine before the commencement of mining operations, and the plan should be
updated annually.
6.
The mining lease holder should take measures to control the
noise levels generated by the mining operations.
7.
The mining lease holder should take measures to prevent the
damage caused by blasting to the environment and the surrounding areas.
8.
The mining lease holder should take measures to conserve flora
and fauna in and around the mine.
The MCDR also specifies that the mining
lease holder must comply with the environmental laws and regulations of the
state or central government. The environmental clearance is a mandatory
requirement for mining operations in India. The clearance is granted by the
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) after an
environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted. The EIA report must contain
details of the environmental impact of the proposed mining operations and
measures to mitigate the impact.
Unit V
5. Explain
guidelines under MCDR for united Nations
framework
classification of mineral Resources.
ANSWER: The United Nations Framework
Classification (UNFC) is a global standard for the sustainable management and
reporting of all energy and mineral resources. The MCDR (Mineral Conservation
and Development Rules) provides guidelines for the implementation of the UNFC
system in India.
The UNFC system comprises two axes: the
Economic Axis and the Feasibility Axis. The Economic Axis divides resources
into three categories based on economic viability: Marketable, Potentially
Marketable, and Sub-economic/ Marginal. The Feasibility Axis further divides
the resources based on the level of technical feasibility and the social and
environmental impact of their extraction.
The MCDR guidelines on UNFC classification
require mining companies to classify their resources based on the UNFC system.
The companies must evaluate the resources based on various parameters such as
geological knowledge, mining and processing technology, social and
environmental impact, and infrastructure availability. The guidelines further
require the companies to disclose all relevant information related to their
resources in their annual reports.
In addition, the guidelines also require
the companies to carry out periodic reviews of their resources based on the
UNFC system. The companies must reclassify their resources based on any new
information or changes in the parameters used for classification.
Overall, the MCDR guidelines on UNFC
classification provide a framework for mining companies to evaluate and report
their mineral resources in a transparent and standardized manner. This enables
investors and other stakeholders to make informed decisions and promotes
sustainable management of mineral resources.
Or
Discuss in
detail about any approved mining plan.
ANSWER: An approved mining plan is a detailed
proposal for mining or extracting minerals from a particular area of land. It
is a critical document that outlines the methodology and technology to be used,
as well as the infrastructure and manpower required to extract and process
minerals in a safe and sustainable manner. Here are the key components of an
approved mining plan:
1.
Executive Summary: This section provides an overview of the
mining plan and the proposed mining operations. It includes a brief description
of the location, geology, mineral reserves, and the proposed mining method.
2.
Introduction: This section provides the background of the
project and the justification for mining in the proposed area. It also includes
a brief description of the mining area, its location, and the general geology
of the area.
3.
Geology and Mineral Resources: This section provides a detailed
description of the geology of the proposed mining area and the mineral
resources present in the area. It includes information on the thickness, depth,
and quality of the mineral deposits, as well as the type of minerals present.
4.
Mining Method: This section describes the proposed mining method
and the technology to be used for mining operations. It also includes
information on the proposed infrastructure, such as the mining equipment,
transportation, and processing facilities.
5.
Environmental Management: This section outlines the
environmental impact assessment of the mining operation and the measures to be
taken to mitigate the impact on the environment. It includes information on the
proposed waste management plan, water management plan, and reclamation plan.
6.
Manpower and Infrastructure: This section outlines the manpower
requirements for the mining operation, including the number of employees
required and their qualifications. It also includes information on the proposed
infrastructure, such as the mining camp, power supply, and other support
facilities.
7.
Financial Analysis: This section provides a detailed analysis of
the financial aspects of the mining operation, including the estimated capital
cost, operating cost, revenue projections, and the expected return on
investment.
8.
Conclusion: This section provides a summary of the mining plan,
including the proposed mining method, infrastructure, and the measures to be
taken to mitigate the impact on the environment. It also includes a discussion
of the expected benefits of the mining operation to the local economy.
In summary, an approved mining plan is a
comprehensive document that outlines the technical, environmental, and
financial aspects of a mining operation. It is critical to obtain an approved
mining plan before commencing any mining activities to ensure that the
operation is safe, sustainable, and compliant with all relevant regulations.
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